Evolution of intelligence

The evolution of India's intelligence operations since its independence in 1947 is examined in this article. It looks at the difficulties the recently established country faced and the evolution of its intelligence culture throughout time. The study explores a range of elements that have influenced India's intelligence services, including cultural influences and operational challenges.

The state of intelligence immediately following independence is highlighted in the paper, which also identifies and attributes intelligence lapses during major events such as the 1962 Sino-Indian War, the 1999 Kargil War, and the 26/11 Mumbai Terror Attacks to the continuous development of India's intelligence culture. On the other hand, it highlights times when India was more ready for shocks, including in 1971 during Pakistan's Operation Chenghiz Khan and the 1955 bombing of a Kashmiri princess in mid-air.

Overall, the report aims to illuminate the changes in India's intelligence apparatus since independence. It argues that understanding the organizations and operations involved is crucial for comprehending intelligence failures and strategic surprises.